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Laboratuvar Tekniği
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İÇİNDEKİLER
BÖLÜM 1
LABORATUVAR ...................................................................................................1
1.GIDA LABORATUVARI ....................................................................................1
1.1GIDA LABORATUVAR TASARIMI VE ORGANİZASYONU .....................1
1.2.GIDA LABORATUVARLARININ ÖZELLİKLERİ .........................................2
1.3.LABORATUVARDA MEYDANA GELEBILECEK KAZALAR
VE İLKYARDIM .....................................................................................................3
Patlamalar ..................................................................................................................3
Yangınlar ...................................................................................................................3
Yanmalarda İlk Yardım .............................................................................................4
Kimyasalllarla temas .................................................................................................4
Alkali, Asit, Brom veya Fosfor Yanıklarında İlk Yardım
Zehirlenmeler ............................................................................................................4
Nitratlar İçin İlk Yardım ........................................................................................... 5
Elektrik Çarpmaları ..................................................................................................5
Laboratuvar Uyarı Piktogramları Tanımı Ve Sembolleri .........................................5
1.4.LABORATUVARDA KULLANILAN MALZEMELER .................................7
1.4.1.CAM MALZEMELER ....................................................................................7
Büret .........................................................................................................................7
Pipet ..........................................................................................................................8
Beher (beherglas) ....................................................................................................10
Erlen (erlenmayer) ..................................................................................................10
Balon joje .................................................................................................................10
Mezür .......................................................................................................................11
Huni ........................................................................................................................11
Soğutucu ..................................................................................................................11
Petri..........................................................................................................................12
Şişe ..........................................................................................................................12
Desikatör ..................................................................................................................13
Cam Baget ...............................................................................................................14
Saat Camı .................................................................................................................14
Lam- Lamel .............................................................................................................14
Bütirometre ..............................................................................................................15
Piknometre ...............................................................................................................15
Cam malzemelerin temizlenmesi .............................................................................16
1.4.2.DIĞER LABORATUVAR MALZEMELERI ...............................................16
Spatül .......................................................................................................................16
Havan .......................................................................................................................17
Kroze .......................................................................................................................17
Piset .........................................................................................................................17
Puar (Üç yollu) .......................................................................................................17
III
Süzgeç Kağıtları ......................................................................................................18
1.4.3.LABORATUVARLARDA KULLANILAN ALET VE EKİPMANLAR .....18
pH metre ..................................................................................................................18
Analitik Terazi .........................................................................................................18
Santrifüj ...................................................................................................................20
Otoklav ....................................................................................................................21
Sıcak Su Banyosu ....................................................................................................22
Distile (Saf-Damıtık) Su Cihazı ..............................................................................23
İyon Değiştiricili (İyonize) Saf Su cihazı ................................................................23
Bunsen beki .............................................................................................................24
Karıştırıcılar ............................................................................................................24
İnkübatör ..................................................................................................................25
BÖLÜM 2
ÇÖZELTİLER VE DERİŞİM (KONSANTRASYON) .........................................26
2.ÇÖZELTİLER ve DERİŞİM ................................................................................26
2.1.ÇÖZELTİLER ...................................................................................................26
Çözünme .................................................................................................................26
Süspansiyon ............................................................................................................27
Kolloid .....................................................................................................................27
2.2.DERİŞİM ...........................................................................................................28
Derişim (Konsantrasyon) ........................................................................................28
Mol ..........................................................................................................................28
Molarite .................................................................................................................29
Normalite .................................................................................................................30
Molalite ...................................................................................................................34
Yüzde Konsantrasyon ..............................................................................................34
Mol Kesri .................................................................................................................37
ppm ve ppb ..............................................................................................................38
Çapraz Kuralı (Pearson Karesi) ..............................................................................38
2.3.ÇÖZELTİ HAZIRLANMASI VE AYARLANMASI
2.3.1.TİTRASYON .................................................................................................40
Ayarlı Hidroklorik Asit (HCl) Çözeltisinin Hazırlanması .......................................41
Ayarlı Sodyum Hidroksit (NaOH) Çözeltisinin Hazırlanması ................................43
BÖLÜM 3
ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİ .......................................................................................45
3.ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİİ ...................................................................................45
3.1.GRAVİMETRİK YÖNTEMLER ......................................................................45
3.2.VOLUMETRİK YÖNTEMLER .......................................................................46
3.3.ENSTRÜMENTAL ANALİZYÖNTEMLERİ .................................................48
3.3.1.DANSİMETRİ ...............................................................................................48
3.3.2.REFRAKTOMETRİ .......................................................................................51
3.3.3.POLARİMETRİ .............................................................................................52
IV
3.3.4.KOLORİMETRİ VE SPEKTROFOTOMETRİ .............................................53
3.3.5. ELEKTROFOREZ ........................................................................................53
3.4. KROMATOGRAFIK YÖNTEMLER..............................................................53
BÖLÜM 4
NİCEL ANALİZLERDE TEMEL İŞLEMLER VE AYIRMA TEKNİKLERİ
4.NİCEL ANALİZLERDE TEMEL İŞLEMLER VE AYIRMA TEKNİKLERİ ...55
4.1.ISITMA VE SOĞUTMA ..................................................................................56
4.2.BUHARLAŞTIRMA - KURUTMA .................................................................56
4.3.ÇÖKTÜRME - KRİSTALLENDİRME ............................................................57
4.4.AYIRMA ...........................................................................................................58
4.5.DAMITMA .......................................................................................................59
4.6.EKSTRAKSİYON.............................................................................................60
4.7.YAKMA ............................................................................................................61
4.8.SUBLİMLEŞME ...............................................................................................61
KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................62
EK 1
PRATİK BİLGİLER ve BİRİMLER .......................................................................64
EK 2
BAZI BİLEŞİKLERİN ETKİ DEĞERLERİ ..........................................................68
EK 3
BİRBİRLERİ İLE TEMAS ETMEMESİ GEREKEN KİMYASAL
MADDELER .........................................................................................................72
BÖLÜM 1
LABORATUVAR ...................................................................................................1
1.GIDA LABORATUVARI ....................................................................................1
1.1GIDA LABORATUVAR TASARIMI VE ORGANİZASYONU .....................1
1.2.GIDA LABORATUVARLARININ ÖZELLİKLERİ .........................................2
1.3.LABORATUVARDA MEYDANA GELEBILECEK KAZALAR
VE İLKYARDIM .....................................................................................................3
Patlamalar ..................................................................................................................3
Yangınlar ...................................................................................................................3
Yanmalarda İlk Yardım .............................................................................................4
Kimyasalllarla temas .................................................................................................4
Alkali, Asit, Brom veya Fosfor Yanıklarında İlk Yardım
Zehirlenmeler ............................................................................................................4
Nitratlar İçin İlk Yardım ........................................................................................... 5
Elektrik Çarpmaları ..................................................................................................5
Laboratuvar Uyarı Piktogramları Tanımı Ve Sembolleri .........................................5
1.4.LABORATUVARDA KULLANILAN MALZEMELER .................................7
1.4.1.CAM MALZEMELER ....................................................................................7
Büret .........................................................................................................................7
Pipet ..........................................................................................................................8
Beher (beherglas) ....................................................................................................10
Erlen (erlenmayer) ..................................................................................................10
Balon joje .................................................................................................................10
Mezür .......................................................................................................................11
Huni ........................................................................................................................11
Soğutucu ..................................................................................................................11
Petri..........................................................................................................................12
Şişe ..........................................................................................................................12
Desikatör ..................................................................................................................13
Cam Baget ...............................................................................................................14
Saat Camı .................................................................................................................14
Lam- Lamel .............................................................................................................14
Bütirometre ..............................................................................................................15
Piknometre ...............................................................................................................15
Cam malzemelerin temizlenmesi .............................................................................16
1.4.2.DIĞER LABORATUVAR MALZEMELERI ...............................................16
Spatül .......................................................................................................................16
Havan .......................................................................................................................17
Kroze .......................................................................................................................17
Piset .........................................................................................................................17
Puar (Üç yollu) .......................................................................................................17
III
Süzgeç Kağıtları ......................................................................................................18
1.4.3.LABORATUVARLARDA KULLANILAN ALET VE EKİPMANLAR .....18
pH metre ..................................................................................................................18
Analitik Terazi .........................................................................................................18
Santrifüj ...................................................................................................................20
Otoklav ....................................................................................................................21
Sıcak Su Banyosu ....................................................................................................22
Distile (Saf-Damıtık) Su Cihazı ..............................................................................23
İyon Değiştiricili (İyonize) Saf Su cihazı ................................................................23
Bunsen beki .............................................................................................................24
Karıştırıcılar ............................................................................................................24
İnkübatör ..................................................................................................................25
BÖLÜM 2
ÇÖZELTİLER VE DERİŞİM (KONSANTRASYON) .........................................26
2.ÇÖZELTİLER ve DERİŞİM ................................................................................26
2.1.ÇÖZELTİLER ...................................................................................................26
Çözünme .................................................................................................................26
Süspansiyon ............................................................................................................27
Kolloid .....................................................................................................................27
2.2.DERİŞİM ...........................................................................................................28
Derişim (Konsantrasyon) ........................................................................................28
Mol ..........................................................................................................................28
Molarite .................................................................................................................29
Normalite .................................................................................................................30
Molalite ...................................................................................................................34
Yüzde Konsantrasyon ..............................................................................................34
Mol Kesri .................................................................................................................37
ppm ve ppb ..............................................................................................................38
Çapraz Kuralı (Pearson Karesi) ..............................................................................38
2.3.ÇÖZELTİ HAZIRLANMASI VE AYARLANMASI
2.3.1.TİTRASYON .................................................................................................40
Ayarlı Hidroklorik Asit (HCl) Çözeltisinin Hazırlanması .......................................41
Ayarlı Sodyum Hidroksit (NaOH) Çözeltisinin Hazırlanması ................................43
BÖLÜM 3
ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİ .......................................................................................45
3.ANALİZ YÖNTEMLERİİ ...................................................................................45
3.1.GRAVİMETRİK YÖNTEMLER ......................................................................45
3.2.VOLUMETRİK YÖNTEMLER .......................................................................46
3.3.ENSTRÜMENTAL ANALİZYÖNTEMLERİ .................................................48
3.3.1.DANSİMETRİ ...............................................................................................48
3.3.2.REFRAKTOMETRİ .......................................................................................51
3.3.3.POLARİMETRİ .............................................................................................52
IV
3.3.4.KOLORİMETRİ VE SPEKTROFOTOMETRİ .............................................53
3.3.5. ELEKTROFOREZ ........................................................................................53
3.4. KROMATOGRAFIK YÖNTEMLER..............................................................53
BÖLÜM 4
NİCEL ANALİZLERDE TEMEL İŞLEMLER VE AYIRMA TEKNİKLERİ
4.NİCEL ANALİZLERDE TEMEL İŞLEMLER VE AYIRMA TEKNİKLERİ ...55
4.1.ISITMA VE SOĞUTMA ..................................................................................56
4.2.BUHARLAŞTIRMA - KURUTMA .................................................................56
4.3.ÇÖKTÜRME - KRİSTALLENDİRME ............................................................57
4.4.AYIRMA ...........................................................................................................58
4.5.DAMITMA .......................................................................................................59
4.6.EKSTRAKSİYON.............................................................................................60
4.7.YAKMA ............................................................................................................61
4.8.SUBLİMLEŞME ...............................................................................................61
KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................62
EK 1
PRATİK BİLGİLER ve BİRİMLER .......................................................................64
EK 2
BAZI BİLEŞİKLERİN ETKİ DEĞERLERİ ..........................................................68
EK 3
BİRBİRLERİ İLE TEMAS ETMEMESİ GEREKEN KİMYASAL
MADDELER .........................................................................................................72
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